Operations Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Operations Management - Assignment Example Techniques such as network analysis and critical path will be applied on McDonald’s restaurant as it is planning to set up a new franchise in Oxford town. 3.1. Linear Programming Linear programming is a technique that is used to identify the best possible outcome for the project considering the constraints or limitations the project manager or the operation manager has. Generally, the best possible outcome would be to achieve the lowest cost or to achieve the highest revenues from the project (Barlow, 2005). There are several reasons why organizations around the world use linear programming. McDonald’s can also make use of linear programming technique as they are setting up a new franchise in Oxford town. There can be different ways by which McDonald’s can use linear programming and some of the ways include: They can use this to find the optimal solution whether they should open the franchise or not in Oxford. Linear programming can be used to identify the number of staff the restaurant should keep. McDonald’s can also use linear programming to decide which products they need to offer. Therefore, McDonald’s can make use of linear programming to find the best solution and make sure that the new franchise is profitable. 3.2. ... Delays in the critical path would result the project manager in delaying in the whole project. By using network analysis, the management of McDonald’s can identify different tasks that would be required to start the new franchise at Oxford town. On the other hand, critical path would be used by the management of McDonald’s to identify the most important activities and there should not be any kind of delays in activities that are in the critical path because it would lead to the delay in the completion of the project. 3.3. Why a large McDonald’s restaurant needs Operational Planning and control Operational planning and control are of immense importance in making sure that the objectives of the project are achieved. Planning allows management to identify what and how things would be done and controlling would enable the management to analyze the performance against what has been planned. Deviations in the execution can be identified and adjusted only if the project is controlled effectively and if proper planning of the project is present (Simha and Word, 2009). Operation planning and controlling are important for every organization regardless of its size (Chase and Aquilano, 1977). Therefore, even large firms like McDonald’s would need to have proper operational plans and control. If the company does have an operational plan, it would lead to delay in the project and there might be possibilities that the project might not be completed. With proper planning, everyone including the operation or project manager would know what is required and how it would be performed and what each person is supposed to do. Controlling similarly will be of high importance to McDonald’s as the company would be able to identify and

The Dimensions of Interprofessional Practice (Reflective commentary) Essay

The Dimensions of Interprofessional Practice (Reflective commentary) - Essay Example Therefore, we requested the services of her health care service provider so that we could have necessary details. I was assigned with the task of gathering her medical history while Mrs. Weber was being provided with preliminary treatment which included necessary dressing to cover and heal her wound. Considering the history of Mrs. Weber, I called social worker handling Mrs. Weber’s case and also two specialists from falls clinic so that necessary input can be received regarding patient’s current life style, Osteoarthritis problem and fear for walking. For drafting a reflection of this event, Gibbs’ framework for reflection is being used (Oxford Brookes University, 2012). Although there are various methods available for reflective writing but Gibb’s framework provides a highly synchronized and systematic approach to elaborate, discuss and evaluate the event in the light of practical experiences and theoretical approaches. 2. Feelings Being a nurse, it beca me my responsibility to ensure that all the members of this inter-professional team that included a social worker who was Mrs. Weber’s caretaker, two specialists from falls clinic and my attending, remain in complete contact. ... 2010). This idea was a reflection of directives provided by NSF Standards 2001 by DoH. According to these standards, necessary interventions should be introduced to ensure that elderly patients are enabled of living their life in a healthy manner. Furthermore, it was important that impacts of illness and disability must be reduced and all the other barriers to healthy life must be mitigated. According to Mrs. Weber’s caretaker, she didn’t use any external mobilization support. She was taking medication from local community doctor as well as some unregistered homeopathic doctor. This intake of medicine from multiple sources made me suspicious about her medicine intake and her present health condition. 3. Evaluation Careful analysis of patient’s case revealed that Mrs. Weber had a hypotension problem that was accelerated by polypharmacy as she was taking medicines from NHS representatives and a local homeopathic doctor simultaneously (Hovard and Avery, 2004). Exces sive intake of diuretic resulted in high blood pressure leading to repetitive falls (Lewiecki and Watts, 2009). Furthermore, due to these falls, she had developed a fear of mobilization. An interesting input was given by the psychiatrist of falls clinic. According to him, diuretics increase the extent of urination. Since Mrs. Weber finds it difficult to move independently and does not use any sanitary pads, she urinates in her bed or other places resulting in low self-esteem. The social worker responsible for Mrs. Weber’s care added that Mrs. Weber prefers to remain isolated from the family, community and external contact. Due to these multiple factors, Mrs. Weber has become a patient of

Growth Characteristics of Bacteriophage

Growth Characteristics of Bacteriophage CHAPTER 4 GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIOPHAGE INFECTING AQUACULTURE BACTERIAL PATHOGENS 4.1  Introduction Bacteriophage are naturally occurring viruses that predated on bacteria (Clokie et al., 2011). They self-replicate exponentially and leave the commensal flora unaffected makes them useful for industrial application (Tsonos et al., 2014). However, the high number of bacteriophage in environment (Clokie et al., 2011) provide the challenges to the discovery of the most effective phage in treating bacterial pathogens (Lindberg et al., 2014). Even there were many extensive reports on bacteriophages, the clinical outcome of therapy trials are variable (Tsonos et al., 2014). This indicates that there are still many parameters which are unclear that may contributed to efficacy of the phage therapy. Previously, the most common practice to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of phages was from in vivo studies. However, Lindberg et al. (2014) provide the alternative to evaluate the efficacy the phage treatment. The information could be assessed from the important phage traits such as adsorption, lysis time and burst size (Ackermann et al., 2004). Besides that, there are various physical and chemical factors like temperature, pH and salinity which could determine the occurrence and stability of bacteriophage (JoÅ„czyk et al., 2011). These factors reported to cause the inactivation of phage through damage of the phage structure (head, tail or envelope) or DNA structural changes (Ackermann et al., 2004). Therefore, the next section in this study is aimed to characterize the bacteriophage isolates (VALLPKK3, VHLPKM4 and VPLPKK5) based on their adsorption profile, one step growth profile and stability to various range of temperature, pH and bile salt concentration. 4.2  Materials and Methods 4.2.1  Bacteriophage Isolates The bacteriophage isolates that were used in the third chapter were further characterized in this chapter. The bacteriophage isolates were designated as VALLPKK3, VHLPKM4 and VPLPKK5. 4.2.2  Bacteriophage Adsorption Assay The bacteriophage adsorption assay was carried out following the method described by Hsieh et al. (2011) with few modification. In adsorption test, the host bacteria was first grown to OD600 1.0 or equivalent to ~108 cfu/ml and diluted to ~105 cfu/ml with TSB media. About nine ml of the host bacteria was mixed with one ml of phage lysate (~103 pfu/ml) to MOI of 0.001. Then, 100  µl of the bacteria-phage mixture was taken to determine the initial phage titer. The mixture was then incubated at 28 °C with no agitation. After 10 min, one ml of the samples was collected and centrifuged at 16,000 xg for 2 min to precipitate the absorbed phages. The same was repeated every 10 min for a period 50 min. The count of unabsorbed free phages in the supernatant was determined. Then, the free phage particles over the initial phage particles was calculated and expressed in percentage. The accuracy of the free phage count was improved by triplicate separate experiments. 4.2.3  Bacteriophage One Step Growth The one step growth assay was determined following method described Hsieh et al. (2011) with slight modification. First, host bacteria (OD600 1.0) was diluted to ~106 cfu/ml. Then, 100  µl of bacterial suspension was mixed with 100  µl of phage lysate (~103 pfu/ml) to a 1 ml of final volume with sterile TSB media (MOI 0.001). Second, the phage was allowed to adsorb into bacterial cells for 30 min at 28 °C. Then the bacterial cells were precipitated by centrifugation at 16,000 xg for 2 min. Third, the bacterial-phage pellet was suspended in 50 ml sterile TSB. Subsequently, 1 ml of the bacterial-phage suspension was precipitated by centrifugation and plated to determine the initial phage count. Then, two sets of bacterial-phage suspension concurrently collected every 12 min for a period of 84 min (for VALLPKK3 and VPLPKK5) and 132 minutes (VHLPKM4) for the determination of latent period, eclipsed period and burst size. The first set was subjected to above treatment to determine t he latent period and burst size while the second set was added with 40  µl chloroform, mixed and incubated at 28 °C for 5 min before centrifugation to determine the eclipse period. The free phage count in the supernatant was determined in triplicate. The latent period and burst size was determined according to Middleboe et al. (2010). The eclipse period was determine according to Sillankorva et al. (2008). The accuracy of the free phage count was improved by triplicate separate experiments. 4.2.4  Bacteriophage Tolerance Test The stability of the bacteriophage isolates was test in different range of temperature, pH and bile salt concentrations. The temperature test was conducted for one hour, while, the pH and bile salt concentration tests were conducted for 24 hours. a.  Temperature Tolerance Test The stability of bacteriophage in different temperature was done following method described by Phumkhachorn and Rattanachaikunsopon (2010) with slight modification. The bacteriophage solution was set to approximately 105 pfu ml-1 in sterile phage buffer. About 900  µl of sterile phage buffer was distributed into sterile empty 1.5 ml microfuge tube. The tube was incubated in the dry bath at desirable temperature (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 °C) at least for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes, about 100  µl of bacteriophage solution (~104 pfu) was added into the preheated tube and mixed immediately. The tube was incubated again at desirable temperature for an hour. After incubation, the tube was placed in ice-warm bath to cool the bacteriophage solution. The titer of the survival phage was calculated by double layer method. The percentage of surviving phage was calculated by dividing the number of survival phage over initial phage count. b.  pH Tolerance Test The stability of bacteriophage in different pH was done following method described by Hsieh et al. (2011) with slight modification. The pH of phage buffer was adjusted into desirable pH (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) using pH meter (brand). The phage buffer was sterilized using autoclave machine at 121 °C for 15 minutes. The bacteriophage was set to approximately 107 pfu ml-1 in sterile phage buffer. The bacteriophage suspension was diluted to 105 pfu ml-1 (1/100) in phage buffer with different pH. The initial phage count was calculated and the bacteriophage solution was incubated at room temperature for 24 hours. After incubation, the bacteriophage solution was diluted using normal phage buffer and plating to calculate the survival phage by double layer method. The percentage of surviving phage was calculated by dividing the number of survival phage over initial phage count. c.  Bile Salt Tolerance Test The stability of bacteriophage in different bile salt concentration was done following method described by previous. The stock of bile salt (Brand) in phage buffer was prepared by filter sterilized to final concentration of 5 %. Then, the phage buffer was adjusted into desirable bile concentration (5000 ppm, 6000 ppm, 7000 ppm, 8000 ppm and 9000 pm). The phage buffer which used for the dilution of bile concentration was presterilized using autoclave machine at 121 °C for 15 minutes. The bacteriophage was set to approximately 107 pfu ml-1 in sterile phage buffer. The bacteriophage suspension was diluted to 105 pfu ml-1 (1/100) in phage buffer with different bile concentration. The initial phage count was calculated by serial dilution in normal phage buffer. The treated bacteriophage solution was incubated at room temperature for 24 hours. After incubation, the bacteriophage solution was diluted again using normal phage buffer and plated to calculate the survival phage by double laye r method. The percentage of surviving phage was calculated by dividing the number of survival phage over initial phage count. 4.3  Result 4.3.1  Bacteriophage Adsorption Assay In the adsorption analysis, all isolates have two adsorption phases, rapid and slow adsorptions. The rapid adsorption of VALLPKK3 was occurred within 10 minutes where almost 80% of the phage adsorb to the host (Figure 4.1). This result was similar to the VHLPKM4 (Figure 4.2). Meanwhile, the rapid adsorption of VPLPKK5 showed that around 60 % of the phage adsorbed to the host (Figure 4.3). After 10 minutes, the slow rate was occurred to all isolates. The number of unadsorbed phages was approximately below 20% within 40 minutes in all phages. The increase of phage count in VPLPKK5 was occurred after 40 minutes. The increase in free phages after 50 minutes indicates that the newly formed phages are being release from the infected cells (Figure 4.3). Figure 4.1: Adsorption of VALLPKK3 to V. alginolyticus ATCC ® 17749TM Figure 4.2: Adsorption of VHLPKM4 to V. harveyi VHJR7 Figure 4.3: Adsorption of VPLPKK5 to V. parahaemolyticus VPHG1 4.3.2Bacteriophage One Step Growth The one step growth was performed to identify different phases of the phage infection process. During the initial stage, the phage-bacteria cell was separated from the free phage during the adsorption since the adsorption result showed the availability of free phage after 30 minutes of incubation. After the infection, the phage growth parameters (latent period, eclipse period and burst size) were determine from the average of three independent curves. The analysis showed that the latency and eclipse periods of VALLPKK3 (Figure 4.4), VHLPKM4 (Figure 4.5) and VPLPKK5 (Figure 4.6) were 48 and 36 minutes, 60 and 36 minutes and, 36 and 24 minutes, respectively. The latent period of VHLPKM4 was longer compared to VALLPKK3 and VPLPKK5. Meanwhile, the eclipse period of VALLPKK3 and VHLPKM4 was similar, while, the eclipse period of VPLPKK5 were shorter than those two isolates. The VALLPKK3, VHLPKM4 and VPLPKK5 showed a burst size of ~174, ~52 and ~180 phage per infected cell, respectively, at the 28 °C. Figure 4.4: One step growth curve of VALLPKK3 infected with Vibrio alginolyticus ATCC ® 17749TM at MOI of 0.001. The number of PFU per infected cell in untreated culture () and chloroform-treated culture () are also shown. The burst size, latent period and eclipse are indicated as B, L and E, respectively. Figure 4.5: One step growth curve of VALLPKK3 infected with Vibrio harveyi VHJR7 at MOI of 0.001. The number of PFU per infected cell in untreated culture () and chloroform-treated culture () are also shown. The burst size, latent period and eclipse are indicated as B, L and E, respectively. Figure 4.6: One step growth curve of VPLPKK5 infected with V. parahaemolyticus VPHG1 at MOI of 0.001. The number of PFU per infected cell in untreated culture () and chloroform-treated culture () are also shown. The burst size, latent period and eclipse are indicated as B, L and E, respectively. 4.3.3  Bacteriophage Tolerance Test The activity of all phage isolates was stable at 40 °C and declined at 50 °C following heating for 60 minutes. The activity was disappeared entirely when heated at more than 60 °C for 1 hour (Figure 4.7). When compared among the isolates, the activity of VHLPKM4 were decline dramatically to less than 20 % when incubated at 50 °C. The activity of VALLPKK3 and VPLPKK5 were dropped to 80% and 40%, respectively. The activity of bacteriophages VALLPKK3, VHLPKM4 and VPLPKK5 can be measured after incubation at pH 4 to pH 9, but disappear completely at pH 2 and pH 3 (Figure 4.8). When compared among isolates, the VALLPKK3 was sensitive to wide range of pH. Almost all of the VALLPKK3 activity was drop to 20 to 40 % after 24 hours incubation. Meanwhile, the activity of VHLPKM4 was decline to 60 % at pH 4 and 5, relatively stable at pH 6 to pH 8 and decline again to less than 60 % at pH 9. However, the activity of VPLPKK5 relatively stable at wide range of pH (pH 4 to pH 9). Meanwhile, the activity of VALLPKK3, VHLPKM4 and VPLPKK5 can be detected after incubated at bile salt concentration from 5000 ppm to 9000 ppm (Figure 4.9). Among the isolates, VALLPKK3 was more sensitive to the bile compared to VHLPKM4 and VPLPKK5. Figure 4.7:The temperature stability of VALLPKK3, VHLPKM4 and VPLPKK5. All isolates were incubated at various range of temperature (40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C, 90 °C and 100 °C) for 1 hour. Data are the means from three independent experiments + SD. Figure 4.8:The temperature stability of VALLPKK3, VHLPKM4 and VPLPKK5. All isolates were incubated at various range of pH (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) for 24 hours. Data are the means from three independent experiments + SD. Figure 4.9:The bile salt stability of VALLPKK3, VHLPKM4 and VPLPKK5. All isolates were incubated at various range of bile salt concentration (5000, 6000, 7000, 8000 and 9000 ppm) for 24 hours. Data are the means from three independent experiments + SD. 4.4  Discussion The phage adsorption of VALLPKK3 and VHLPKM4 was fast (more than 80% after 10 minutes) compared to Vibrio phage PW2 (60% after 10 minutes) (Phumkhachorn and Rattanachaikunsopon, 2010). Meanwhile, the adsorption of VPLPKK5 was comparable to PW2. This might due to both phages were belonged to same family (Sipboviridae). However, the phage adsorption was reported dependent on various condition. According to Binetti et al. (2002), the phage adsorption was shown to be affected by the presence of ion calcium, physiological state of the cell, pH and temperature. The one step growth is a method to assess the life cycle of the phage (Middleboe et al., (2010). The latent period was the time from adsorption to the release of new progeny from host cell, and the burst size was the number of new virus particles liberated from a single bacterial cell (Bao et al., 2011). When compared to other vibriophage infecting same host species, there were difference in term of the burst size of the phages Ñ„As51 and Ñ„A318 (Liu et al., 2014). The V. alginolyticus phage VALLPKK3 showed high burst size compared to those two (72 and 10 PFU/infected cell). Similar finding with VPLPKK5. This V. parahaemolyticus phage was different to other V. parahaemolyticus phage VP-2 (15 PFU per infected cell) (Silva et al., 2014) where it showed bigger burst size (180 PFU per infected cell). Meanwhile, the VHLPKM4 showed different finding. This study showed smaller burst size and longer latent period compared to previous report on V. harveyi phages цžH17-7b and Ñ„H17-8b (Okano et al., 2007). They reported that where the latent period and burst size of Ñ„H17-7b and Ñ„H17-8b were 35 minutes and 100 particles, and 40 minutes and 170 particles, respectively. Thus, the findings showed that the life cycle of each phage isolates was different from each other. However, the significant of the differences was unclear since the dissimilarity was influenced by the host, medium, temperature and its own growth rate (Carey-Smith et al., 2006). In this study, the bacteriophages VALLPKK3 and VPLPKK5 showed a short period of latent period and large burst size. The shorter latent period and large burst size showed that the bacteriophages replicated more quickly and the new virus particle release more efficiently (Bao et al., 2011). This characteristic showed good candidacy of phage therapy (Silva et al., 2014). Finally, both adsorption and one step growth of phage are important to determine the phage fitness (Wang, 2006) since the phage fitness would determine the efficacy of the phage therapy (Lindberg et al., 2014). The stability in various stress condition were useful for the application of bacteriophage to inhibit the target bacteria (Lee et al., 2014; Krasowska et al., in press). In this study, the resistance to heat, pH and bile was investigated to determine the efficacy of those phages for biocontrol of V. alginolyticus, V. harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus infections. Phage which can withstand various environmental stress may be useful for the application in aquaculture (Phumkhachorn and Rattanachaikunsopon, 2010). The temperature is a important factor that affects bacteriophage survivability (Olson et al., 2004). It plays important roles in the bacteriophage attachment, penetration and multiplication (JoÅ„czyk et al., 2011). In this study, the result showed that all phages were stable at 40 °C. However, the viability was reduced after one hour incubation at 50 °C. All phage were completely inactivated in temperature over 60 °C. The phage in this study showed that they are sensitive to high temperature. This findings was different to the findings by Phumkhachorn and Rattanachaikunsopon (2010) where the phage can withstand high temperature. However, in the natural environment, the temperature usually fluctuated at the range of 28 to 32 °C (Albert and Ransangan, 2013). Since the isolates in this study were stable at the temperature up to 40 °C, the isolates would survive when release to natural environment. Nevertheless, the period of viability of these isolates after release to natural environment was unknown. In the natural environment, the phage was also facing the other stress factor such as pH. According to Krasowska et al. (in press), the acidity and alkalinity of environment are other important factors influencing phage stability. It was also reported that low pH influences phage aggregation and reduce their adsorption on bacteria cell (Langlet et al., 2007). Therefore, it was important to access the stability of the current phage isolates in different pH. The VALLPKK3 and VHLPKM4 showed resistance to acid (pH 4) and alkaline (pH 9). This showed that the member of Myoviridae family stable at acid and alkaline condition (Krasowska et al., in press). Similar to the other isolates, VPLPKK5 was also showed resistance to acid and alkaline condition. This is similar to the finding by Lasobras et al. (60) where the member of family Siphoviridae were most resistant to adverse conditions. However, this finding was different to phage ARà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , a member of Siphoviridae, which is only a ctive in a narrow pH range (Krasowska et al., in press). The result of the phage tolerance to pH indicated that they were tolerant to wide range of pH. In aquaculture, oral administration was the most practical delivery method for immunization (Yasumoto et al., 2006) due to low cost and less stress to fish (Pal et al., 2009). However, the viability of orally administered phage might be rapidly reduced the presence other digestive compounds such as bile (Joerger et al., 2003). In this study, the phage isolates were exposed to various concentration of bile concentrations and result showed that the phage were still survived after incubation. However, there were reduction on the viability of the phage isolates which might showed the adverse effect of bile. With the addition of pH and other enzymes, the phage might not persist for long time in gut environment (Ma et al., 2008). 4.5  Conclusion In summary, the VALLPKK3, VHLPKM4 and VPLPKK5 were characterized by the growth and tolerance. The life cycle of the current isolates might be different when conducted different time and with different media. Therefore, the optimization was required for optimum phage multiplication which generally required for large scale production. This optimization was also contributed to the development of phage therapy. All phages are inactivated at high temperature but showed stability at temperature 40 °C. They are also stable at wide range of pH but not low pH. But, they could tolerate normal fish bile content. However, the study need to be conducted to collect the information of the period of phage survival in fish body. This information would be beneficial for the phage administration of disease treatment.

Pride and Prejudice :: English Literature

Pride and Prejudice One of the first Novels written in English, Jane's Austen's Pride and Prejudice which has been around for about 200 years. Published in 1813 during a time when England were at war with France. Pride and Prejudice offers a story in which the upper-middle class society are the setting for the relationship of Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy. In a time when Women's main aim is to find a husband against financial snobbery and class prejudice, Austen's Novel celebrates the love over class prejudice and financial snobbery. This novel was set in 1797-1815 in Longbourn, rural England. The novel is told from Elizabeth Bennet's point of view. At the time it was written, women had to get married before twenty six otherwise they would have no where to live or have to live with a relative, and not be important in the house, or asked any questions. So women had to go around trying to catch young men's attention before they got too old, this is shown in Charlotte Lucas who marries Mr. Collins who is a fool, she married for a home later on in life which overrules all over considerations. This shows how much pressure was on women to marry so they could be secure later on in life. A young gentleman called Charles Bingley has rented the manor of Netherfield Park. This gets the Bennet's girls excited who have five unmarried daughters - Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Kitty and Lydia. Mrs. Bennet is desperate to get them all married so she can live somewhere later on in life when Mr. Bennet dies. After Mr. Bennet goes to see Mr. Bingley, the Bennet's attend a ball at which Mr. Bingley is there. He is dancing with Jane and spends much of the evening dancing with her. His close friend, Mr. Darcy is less pleased with evening and proudly refuses to dance with Elizabeth. "Which do you mean?" and turning round, he looked for a moment at Elizabeth, till catching her eye, he withdrew his own and coldly said, "She is tolerable; but not handsome enough to tempt me; and I am in no humour at present to give consequence to young ladies who are slighted by other men. You had better return to your partner and enjoy her smiles, for you are wasting your time with me." These words tell us that he is proud and doesn't think that the people at the ball are worthy enough to dance with him. The rudeness with which Darcy treats Elizabeth creates a bad impression of him in her mind. An impression which will remain for half of the novel, until the truth of Darcy and

John Langdon Essay

Who is John Langdon? John Langdon was one of the two first senators of the state of New Hampshire. Early on in his political life, Langdon was a supporter always of the Revolutionary War and then later served in the Continental Congress. After serving in Congress, Langdon turned a different direction and became governor of New Hampshire. He could have run for vice president of the United States but turned it down. He was a great part in America’s history and grew up with America as it has turned out to be today. John Langdon was played many roles in our country today including: a patriot, a soldier, and a statesman. Langdon’s family was one of the first to settle near the middle of New Hampshire’s river, the Piscataquis River. John was then taught as a kid growing up by an educator at a school near by. John Langdon’s father asked John and his brother, Woodbury, to join along on his successful agricultural business. They both ended up becoming apprentices of local merchants. Langdon was an unstationary man, as by the age of twenty-one he was captain sailing to the West Indies, and four years later John owned his first merchantman. His brother was even more successful. They both began to do the trade business and by 1770 both men were accounted as the wealthiest citizens in the area. In 1777, Langdon turned his attention to a different subject. He wanted to help the soldiers. Since he was the lower speaker of the house for New Hampshire, he spent much time reorganizing and making the states militia stronger. He then split them up into two brigades. One brigade was centered in the east was to protect and prevent ambushes from the Royal Navy and support the New England states. The second brigade was organized in the west to guard from any sudden ambushes from Canada. Then lastly John Langdon is most famously known for being one of two delegates of New Hampshire at the Continental Congress. He was in Congress from 1775 to 1776, and then resigned in June 1776. He then became a superintendent for the construction of several ships of war. He was also a participant at the Battle of Bennnigton and led a group into Saratoga. Then in 1784 he was a member of the state senate, and then the president of New Hampshire in 1785 and 1788. Then in 1787 he was a member of the Continental Congress and a delegate of New Hampshire. He led New Hampshire from the beginning of his life till the very end. From 1805-1811 he was the governor of New Hampshire. He then died in Portsmouth, New Hampshire on September 18th 1819 and was buried in the North Cemetery. John Langdon was not a huge part of America’s course of history was he was overall a big part of New Hampshire. He was a leader of that state was the moment his family first lived there to dying and being buried there. I think New Hampshire should recognize more of what John Langdon did for their state. My name is Crystal Moreland and I am a Field Organizer for Congresswoman Shelley Berkley’s campaign. I wanted to let you know that Brent Martelli has contacted me about his volunteer time with the campaign. We are very excited to have him and would be more than happy to show him all the different aspects of what goes on in a campaign such as voter identification and event involvement. I think this is a great experience for your students to have and I very excited to get them involved. I hope they have a great experience and learn a lot!

Family meals Essay

The article present the issue of meals from a good perspective: it identifies that some families eat together and others do not. It states from researches that studies carried out on families that eat together on the same table are more likely to produce positive health results than others who do not: such positive health factors are enumerated in each paragraph. It states that such family meals make it easier to control diet, amount and quality. It promotes communication about nutrition; it helps to regulate the type of food consumed. Besides it is a good forum for socialization among the family members, and even visitors.   It provides the ‘opportunity to eat better’ and also the ‘chance to connect’. The latter helps to understand each other better, find about current issues in the lives of members, and even teaches the children cooking and eating etiquettes.   It concludes with a profound statement:   â€Å"Family meals aren’t just about food, they’re about family.† I am particularly interested in the type of meal that can earn the tag ‘family meal’. And really, it is worth remembering that meals can also be a time to get together with family members. For parents that do not have time for their children, this may not possible but for others who have such opportunity, I strongly believe it is a very good idea: it creates a forum for me to learn how to cook, how to serve and how to eat especially when it involves others. If I have anything bothering my mind, I can share it there. If I also notice something about my siblings, friends, visitors, other extended family members, I can bring it and the challenge/burden can be shared. It is also a good forum to celebrate any achievement. I like the idea of family meals because it helps to strengthen families and build loving homes. There is no doubt that if we can adopt this kind of idea all over the country, things would change, families are likely to become more stable and children will live in conducive happy homes. I think that the topic was presented in a good and lively way. It has information from researches and experts in the food. After going through the article, you’d have read through an unusual topic that makes a lot of sense. It starts with a description of meal times, connects to the advantages of family means and ends with the obstacle to achieving the concept. I am also concerned about this noble idea can be implemented in this kind of age, when everyone appears to be in a hurry chasing the wild wind. Is it really practicable in this jet age? Are there other means of achieving same socialization outside meals times? REFERENCE Family meals. http://www.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/family/11/07/cl.family.meals/index.html

Depression Is Serious Effect of Racism on Children

Depression Is Serious Effect of Racism on Children It’s often said that children don’t see race, but that’s far from true; they not only see race but also feel the effects of racism, which can manifest as depression. Even pre-schoolers notice racial differences between groups, and as children age, they tend to separate themselves into race-based cliques, making some students feel alienated. More problems arise when children use racial stereotypes to bully their classmates. Being ridiculed, ignored or slighted because of race has a detrimental effect on children. Studies show that encountering racial bigotry can lead children to suffer from depression and behavioral problems. Racism can even lead teens and young adults to drop out of school. Sadly, the racial discrimination children experience doesn’t exclusively involve their peers, as adults are perpetrators too. The good news is that children with strong support systems can overcome the challenges racial bigotry presents. Racism, Depression, and Black and Latino Youths A 2010 study of 277 children of color presented at the Pediatric Academic Societies meeting in Vancouver revealed a strong link between racial discrimination and depression. Roughly two-thirds of the study subjects were black or Latino, while another 19 percent were multiracial. Study lead Lee M. Pachter asked the youths if they’d been discriminated against in 23 different ways, including being racially profiled while shopping or called offensive names. Eighty-eight percent of the kids said they had indeed experienced racial discrimination. Pachter and his team of researchers also surveyed the children about their mental health. They found that racism and depression go hand in hand. â€Å"Not only do most minority children experience discrimination, but they experience it in multiple contexts: in schools, in the community, with adults and with peers,† Pachter said. â€Å"It’s kind of like the elephant in the corner of the room. It’s there, but nobody really talks about it. And it may have significant mental and physical health consequences in these children’s lives.† Overcoming Bigotry and Depression The results of a five-year study conducted by researchers in California, Iowa, and Georgia found that racism can lead to depression and behavioral problems. In 2006, the study of more than 700 black youth appeared in the publication of Child Development. The researchers determined that children who’d endured name-calling, race-based insults, and stereotyping were more likely to report trouble sleeping, mood swings, and difficulty concentrating, according to ABC News. Black boys victimized by racism were also more likely to get into fights or shoplift. The silver lining, however, is that children with supportive parents, friends, and teachers weathered the challenges of racism much better than their peers lacking such support networks. â€Å"The outlook was brighter, though, for children whose homes, friends, and schools protected them from discrimination’s negative influences,† said Gene Brody, the study’s lead researcher, in a press release. â€Å"Children, whose parents stayed involved in their lives, kept track of their whereabouts, treated them with warm affection, and communicated clearly with them, were less likely to develop problems due to their experiences with discrimination.† Racism as a Source of Depression in Young Adults Teenagers and young adults are not immune to the effects of racism. According to the University of California, Santa Cruz, college students who experience racism might feel like outsiders on campus or pressure to prove the stereotypes about their racial group wrong. They might also suspect that they’re being treated differently because of race and consider dropping out of school or transferring to another school to alleviate their symptoms of depression and anxiety. With one university after another making headlines in recent years when students organize parties with racially offensive themes, it’s likely that today’s students of color feel even more vulnerable on campus than their predecessors did. Hate crimes, racist graffiti, and small numbers of minority groups in the student body may make a young adult feel completely alienated in academia. UCSC asserts that it’s important for students of color to practice good self-care to prevent racism from sending them into a depression. â€Å"It may sometimes be hard to resist using unhealthy ways to cope, such as using drugs and alcohol excessively or isolating oneself from the broader community,† according to UCSC. â€Å"Taking good care of your physical, mental, and spiritual health will leave you better equipped to cope with the stress of bias, and make empowered choices for yourself.†

Starbucks Business Strategy Example

Starbucks Business Strategy Example Starbucks Business Strategy – Coursework Example Starbuck Industry affiliation Starbuck Industry Starbucks coffee industry has employed various business strategies, which have enabled it to stay on top of its growing and volatile industry. The industry employed strong differentiation strategy in an attempt to service a wide number of customers with different tastes and preferences. The strategy has been successful, as differentiation has lowered the threat of customers. To this end, the business has been able to drive consumer’s preferences and play a significant role moving a product upscale. On the other hand, the pricing strategy executed by the company has rationally transferred its prime product from being perceived as an exclusive luxury goods. In this perspective, the transition has made it possible to be purchased by all customers irrespective of their social status (Selby, 2012, p. 126). The company’s brand exudes an understanding of people’s lifestyle, values, and need. The company’s focus to t he experiential factors has been pivotal to its success. The pricing strategy employed only suit high-income countries. This therefore makes it a luxury product in less developing countries such as India and China. This is evidence as customers can obtain a cup of coffee for a portion of what the company charge in those countries. This strategy needs modification to incorporate relatively low-income countries. The company has a generic competitive strategy that enables it to earn a competitive advantage over its rivals. To help it achieve this position the company focuses on lower-cost and differentiation strategies. Starbuck targets two markets and employs different competitive techniques. To a board cross section of buyers, the company utilizes overall cost provider and broad differentiation strategies (Scott, & Rouleau, 2011, p. 55). On a market niche, the company focused, low-cost and focused differentiation strategies are implemented. Starbuck is one among very few companies th at have created awareness for specialty coffee category, while maintain the supremacy of the product. Despite efforts seem more connected to the community, Starbuck continue to struggle with backlash. Its presence and acquisition has destroyed local coffee houses (Selby, 2012, p. 157). ReferencesScott,  K., & Rouleau,  A. (2011). Starbuck. United States: Films Christal. Selby,  J. (2012). Starbuck. Farrar & Rinehart, Inc.

Causes of World War I Essay -- World History

Beginning in 1870, military powers of Europe gradually began to increase. Countries began to make use of innovative war armaments, as well as expand armies and lengthen service periods. For instance, Germany increased its army size to 170,000 men, France extended military service requirements from 2 to 3 years, and Russia extended requirements f... Causes of World War I Essay -- World History The assassination of Franz Ferdinand and his wife was definitely the most significant cause of the calamity that is World War I. Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro- Hungarian throne, was simply visiting Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Unfortunately, a secret Serbian society known as the Black Hand awaited the Archduke’s arrival. This nationalist group targeted Ferdinand due to the feeling amongst Serbians that once appointed to the throne; Ferdinand would uphold the persecution of Serbs inhabiting the borders of the Austro- Hungarian Empire. Gavrilo Princip was one of eight members of the Black Hand chosen to execute Franz Ferdinand. Unloading two shots, Princip had assassinated both Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie. Seized by the police, he was beaten and put into prison, and there he died. The shots of this young man echoed all over the world to initiate the explosion of World War I. Following the assassination, Austria- Hungary was ready to declare war on Serbia, whom they believed was responsible for the death of Ferdinand. Without the support of Germany, Austria- Hungary probably would not have attacked itory. Germany was left weak in every aspect. The people of Germany were left emotionally disconnected, which was why Adolf Hitler was able to easily preach his ideas. The unjust treatment towards Germany was a cause of World War II. This was something far worse than World War I, which was unimaginable at the time. In conclusion, World War I was a global disaster that disrupted the peace in many different areas. Along with nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the alliance system, the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was a cause that sparked the horrific event of World War I. With the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente were two opposing groups, and two specific clashing forces were Germany and Russia. Although an attempt to spread harmony throughout Europe was made, all it did was cause a much greater threat to the peace around the world.

Population growth and natural resource availability Research Paper

Population growth and natural resource availability - Research Paper Example The awareness regarding the need of the production system is increasing day by day in order to incorporate the goals of sustainable development. For managing this it is important that the natural resources are renewable, as they are considered to be the indicators for sustainability of the economic dynamics. This approach indicates that the natural resources are considered to be a link between environment and societies. The more recent subject in discussion related to resources and population growth is considered to be the significance of the quality of environment which is measured by the absence of water and air pollution and the stock of forest in a particular region. According to this view, environment may not be considered as a factor which limits the productivity with the expansion of population but it would rather be defined as factor whose quality is degraded with the increase in population. The expanding population increases the need for an arable land; it is a main cause behind deforestation and also encourages the conversion of forests into land for using it for different purposes. It is also considered to be the major cause of air, water and land pollution. On the other side environmental degradation may impose an effect on the natural resources reducing the marginal product of the labor through promoting lower incomes (Hinrichsen and Robey). In the past, the alarming situation was considered to be the diminution of natural resources. There are many scientists who have been calculating that duration till which the reserves of oil and coal will last. Therefore at present the interaction between man and natural environment is considered to be a source of alarm. In every natural ecosystem, the increase in population imposes a great pressure on it. This pressure becomes more immense in case of the human population, as this increase is not just numerical but also brings along the diversification and creation of new needs. This qualitative

Quantitative and academic skills(economy) Essay - 1

Quantitative and academic skills(economy) - Essay Example It also means taking charge of what I do with the resources I could legitimately and ethically use to get things done and accepting mistakes when I commit them. If I achieve this, I can be more confident, learn to respect and manage myself in my studies, and develop self-esteem, because knowing who I am is important if I want to express myself and understand others better. Performance means knowing my profession well so I can succeed, and includes having a broad and open mind, ready to learn from personal experience and learning from others who know more like professors and tutors. One ethical rule is the policy on plagiarism which means â€Å"stealing†¦other people’s work and ideas and passing them off as (my) own† (Handbook, 2007, p. 6). I can use or paraphrase other people’s ideas, but I should acknowledge it following established academic rules of honesty and integrity. My main problem is to know which information I need and learning to choose the right information. There is too much information, in libraries, the Internet, and in the media, so I need to learn how to assess the reliability of my sources such as journals, databases, articles, and surveys. I need to spend more time reading good materials and data sources in English, understanding how the experts in the field analyse information and present it, and being involved in discussions in and out of the classroom. In my culture, we were trained to obey and believe those in authority, and to ask few questions in public. Here, I notice that people say what is in their minds, and I want to learn how to do this. Professors and tutors are open to questions and criticisms. My studies are my top priority right now, but if I do not continue building up my personal discipline because of poor self-management or I allow myself to be influenced by others, my path to success is in danger. I hope my professors and tutors correct me when they see I am not going along the right path. Developing all

An argumentative literary analysis on one or more works by a Research Paper

An argumentative literary analysis on one or more works by a particular author or comparative analysis of several works on a sim - Research Paper Example After ‘existing’ in that confused, constricted and compulsion state, individuals including the characters in fictions could undergo self-realization. In those scenarios, self-realization will be like the opening of the ‘inner eye’ of the individual, which will take them on a positive and best path. It can also be considered as a moment, when a big ‘confusion mass’ or guilt that may be occupying and constricting an individual’s mind has ‘evaporated’ for good. The confusion in the mind of Oedipus in Oedipus Rex, compulsion for Nora Elmer in A Doll’s House and constriction in the mind of Laura in The Glass Menagerie all get evaporated, when these fictional characters undergo self-realization. So, this paper will analyse how these three characters get entangled in a mess, and after a struggling phase, undergo self-realization, thereby enlightening them with mixed results. 2. Oedipus Rex and Self-Realization Oedipus Rex is about the life and the tragic death of Oedipus who after becoming the King of Thebes, dies a tragic death after undergoing self-realization. Oedipus was born to King Laius of Thebes and Queen Jocasta, but was cared by foster parents, Polybus and Merope, as King Laius feared that the prophecy of being killed by his own son could come true. The prophecy in a way gets actualized when Oedipus due to uncontrollable circumstances kills King Laius without knowing that King Lauis was his biological father, setting the stage for future confusions and self-realizations. The other prophecy of Oedipus marrying his mother also came true, when he married Queen Jocasto on the account of him becoming the king of Thebes, after solving the Sphinx riddle. When he comes to know about these crimes, or immoral acts, he goes into a state of confusion as well as depression, but also at the same time self-realization. That is, he was sure that he can find Laius killers and thereby prevent the onslaught of p lague, but this confidence turned into weakness when he comes to know the profound truth that he is the killer of Lauis. So, when the ‘recognition’ happens, the self-realization also occurs, with Oedipus transforming from a strong king to a weak blind man. He laments, â€Å"I, Oedipus, damned in his birth, in his marriage damned, Damned in the blood he shed with his own hand† (Sophocles 123).The affect this event had on Oedipus as discussed above also bordered on tragedy. On coming to know about the truth and after undergoing self-realization of his crimes and conduct, Oedipus as form of self-justice blinds himself with the golden brooches found on his mother’s dress. He blinds himself, as he did not want to see the miseries that his actions have brought upon him. â€Å"The alternative of suicide is directly before him. He takes up her golden pins...blinds himself. It is Sophocles point that Oedipus sees two possibilities and chooses the harder and more p ainful course† (Smith 92). Talking about the pace of the â€Å"recognition†, in the case of Oedipus, it happened suddenly. That is, although he wanted to know the real killers of Lauis for a long time, he comes to know about the truth from messengers and Servants, and when he hears the death of Jocasto immediately, he undergoes self-realization, leading to death. â€Å"Salvation becomes annihilation; the tragedy does not take place in the hero's downfall, but rather in the fact that man meets his demise along the very path he took up to escape his demise.†

Political Philosophy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Political Philosophy - Assignment Example The researcher states that Socrates and his pupil Plato are one of the first in history to delve into the aspect of political philosophy. Plato’s the Republic spoke of Plato’s vision for an ideal state understood that justice was essential to the unity of the population, the relevancy of the political process and his to the benefit of everyone in the state. He said that the divisions in the social structure of a city were more dangerous than any external force. And that gaining peace through the use of force is not preferable to a partnership created through the sharing of mutual interests and understanding. Aristotle, however, saw the functions of politics just as the functions of a body. He surmised that there were different parts of a city each of which served a common function. Their order of living is decided by the constitution which is analogous to the soul. And it can only possess a semblance of order if it has a ruler. Aristotle distinguished the various types of the government saying that each had a commonality which can help the individual attain a noble living. However, Aristotle’s writings did not speak about the emotional health of its citizens saying that the presence of morality and the ability to complete tasks given would lead them to a fulfilling life. He also saw that a constitution like its people does not remain constant over time and it should be the will of the lawmakers to change it for the betterment of the community. The development of rationalism occurred around the time of the Renaissance (Marxist Internet Archive). It was during this time among the merchants and craftsmen of Northern Italy that political philosophy began to flourish again. One such philosopher responsible was the founder of political science Niccolà ² Machiavelli. Machiavelli argued that the true prosperity of any state depended upon the qualities, strength or experience of an individual leader.

How the The Great Wall reflects Chinese culture Essay

How the The Great Wall reflects Chinese culture - Essay Example From the Ming Dynasty, these great walls have continued to face renovations, rebuilding, maintenance, and enhancing the cultural purposes it served in the first place (DuTemple, 2002). Most notably, the Great Wall constructions have become one of the world wonders hence strengthening the cultural reflections of this country. A country’s culture has much to do with that country’s history. The Great Wall of China reflects the mindset of defence that runs across the country even to this date. Many of the traditional buildings and homes in China architectural designs keep defence in mind (DuTemple, 2002). The Chinese people wanted to keep invaders out of their country and especially away from the emperor. Two prime examples of this are the Great Wall of China and the Forbidden City in Beijing. It is the same idea, which this great wall construction incubating the dynasties symbolizes. The purpose was to shield maraud warriors and tribes from unprecedented incursions. The culture of China reflects eras of social unrest, which came from the intruders (DuTemple, 2002). As a result, the wall serves the Chinese well for it protects this country’s culture, as the great construction has waded away-unwanted visitors. One of the notable reflections in this Great Wall construction is to restore w hat the country terms as the renewed perspective. Back in the past, the country has faced many degrading seasons. The availability of this wall has reminded the day-to-day strategic planners of the country of the need to rebuild it. The wall surrounds the once ripped off histories of the Chinese dynasty and the permanent enclose is symbolic of a country that does not want more interferences with its roots (DuTemple, 2002). For several reasons now, the country has periodically come back alive and more resilient than its former self. Therefore, it is notable for one to suggest that ‘The Great Wall’ encloses the culture of defence and the spirit of renovation, away from

Enterprise risk management Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Enterprise risk management - Literature review Example ERM involves taking a proactive view of the entire business or organisation rather than looking at risk as simply a matter of special project overview to identify threats. It goes far beyond the typical SWOT analysis that looks at different weaknesses and threats and recognises the whole of the business as a functional unit that is inter-connected whereby multitudes of risk possibilities exist. This literature review describes what constitutes enterprise risk management, its major components and also provides an identification of how an ERM programme can be designed into virtually any industry. 2. Defining a stable ERM programme Enterprise risk management is defined as: â€Å"The discipline by which an organisation in any industry assesses, controls, exploits, finances, and monitors risks from all sources for the purpose of increasing the organisation’s short- and long-term value to its stakeholders† (casact.org, 2003, p.8). What makes ERM different from typical risk ma nagement programmes is that it recognises strategic imperatives, thus making it an ongoing part of strategic analysis often dictated by executive leadership and Board governance. Generally, risk management programmes are short-term objectives associated with special project teams, thereby somewhat ignoring the long-term prospects of risk mitigation in multiple areas of the business. Kimmel & Anderson (2010) identify five specific elements of an ERM system to include: 1. Linking risk management to the organisation’s strategy, values and culture – This definition insists that enterprise risk management is linked to the operational and human capital components of the organisation and is tied directly to organisational structure and design. 2. Providing management with a comprehensive and repeatable knowledge base so as to understand how to identify and assess potential risk factors. 3. Assignment of specific roles and responsibilities tied to governance for ERM. 4. The ab ility to provide higher valued knowledge so that managers can make better operational and financial business decisions. 5. Providing risk-related knowledge so that auditing and monitoring is an ongoing part of the programme design. Most organisations that utilise ERM systems recognise four categories of objectives in order to assist organisations in meeting long- and short-term strategic goals. These include, as offered by Moore (2010): 1. Strategic imperatives – These are high-level goals that help align the organisation to its overall mission and value proposition. 2. Operational components – Helping to achieve efficient and effective use of resources organisation-wide, such as marketing, production and accounting (as relevant examples). 3. Reporting – Reporting aspects include financial figures and overall business strengths as related to stakeholders and shareholders. 4. Compliance – Laws and regulatory compliance such as Sarbanes Oxley and other labo ur-related laws that drive business structure and operations. These four objectives are part of the COSO model that is widely used in most organisations that have developed an ERM system, one of the most common models of ERM available. It is a comprehensive tool for identifying and managing risk factors (Moore, 2010). Enterprise risk management is beneficial to the business as it creates a teamwork

How the The Great Wall reflects Chinese culture Essay

How the The Great Wall reflects Chinese culture - Essay Example From the Ming Dynasty, these great walls have continued to face renovations, rebuilding, maintenance, and enhancing the cultural purposes it served in the first place (DuTemple, 2002). Most notably, the Great Wall constructions have become one of the world wonders hence strengthening the cultural reflections of this country. A country’s culture has much to do with that country’s history. The Great Wall of China reflects the mindset of defence that runs across the country even to this date. Many of the traditional buildings and homes in China architectural designs keep defence in mind (DuTemple, 2002). The Chinese people wanted to keep invaders out of their country and especially away from the emperor. Two prime examples of this are the Great Wall of China and the Forbidden City in Beijing. It is the same idea, which this great wall construction incubating the dynasties symbolizes. The purpose was to shield maraud warriors and tribes from unprecedented incursions. The culture of China reflects eras of social unrest, which came from the intruders (DuTemple, 2002). As a result, the wall serves the Chinese well for it protects this country’s culture, as the great construction has waded away-unwanted visitors. One of the notable reflections in this Great Wall construction is to restore w hat the country terms as the renewed perspective. Back in the past, the country has faced many degrading seasons. The availability of this wall has reminded the day-to-day strategic planners of the country of the need to rebuild it. The wall surrounds the once ripped off histories of the Chinese dynasty and the permanent enclose is symbolic of a country that does not want more interferences with its roots (DuTemple, 2002). For several reasons now, the country has periodically come back alive and more resilient than its former self. Therefore, it is notable for one to suggest that ‘The Great Wall’ encloses the culture of defence and the spirit of renovation, away from

Examining Ethnic Differences in Achievemen Essay Example for Free

Examining Ethnic Differences in Achievemen Essay 1. The definition of an ethnic group is a group of people of the same race or nationality that share the same cultural norms and values. 2. Three ways in which the education system may encourage separation between children of different ethnic backgrounds are: Labelling and teacher racism, many teachers label their students and studies by interactionist sociologists found out that many teachers labelled black children as disruptive and they didn’t want them in their class. Another reason is the ethnocentric curriculum. Troyna and Williams describe the curriculum in British schools as ethnocentric because it gives priority to white culture and the English language; this causes separation between white pupils and other ethnic pupils. A final reason is the selection and segregation available to schools. David Gillborn argues that marketization has given schools greater scope to select pupils. This puts some ethnic minority pupils at a disadvantage because selection gives more scope for negative stereotypes to influence decisions about school admissions. 3. There are many ways in which factors in children’s home background may lead to differences in achievement levels between ethnic groups. The first way is cultural deprivation; this is split into 3 aspects. The first is intellectual and linguistic skills. Cultural deprivation theorists argue that many children from low-income black families lack intellectual stimulation and enriching experiences. Bereiter and Engelmann consider the language spoken by low-income black American families as inadequate for educational success. The next aspect is attitudes and values. Cultural deprivation theorists say that some black children are socialised into a subculture that instils a fatalistic ‘live for toady’ attitude that does not value education and leaves them unequipped for success. The final aspect of cultural deprivation is family structure and parental support. Daniel Moynihan argues that because many black families are headed by a lone mother, their children are deprived of adequate care because she has to struggle financially in the absence of a male breadwinner. Also Ken Pryce claims that Asians are higher achievers because their cukture is more resistant to racism and gives them a greater sense of self-worth. However, he argues, black Caribbean culture is less cohesive and less resistant to racism. As a result, many balck pupils have low self-esteem and under-achieve. Another reason is Material deprivation and class. According to Flaherty; Pakistani’s and Bangladeshis are over three times more likely than whites to be in the poorest fifth of the population, as a result statistics show that Pakistani and Bangladeshi boys are among the lowest ethnic groups in the country to obtain 5 A-C GCSE’s. A final reason is racism in wider society. David Mason says â€Å" discrimination is a continuing and persistent feature of the experience of Britain’s citizens of minority ethnic origin. † 4. The differences in educational attainment between different groups of pupils have been a major focus of much sociological research. These differences can often be seen to be largely due to different social class, but also gender or ethnicity. Social class is the most significant and dominant factor when looking at these differences, but ethnicity also has a relative impact on educational achievementÃ'Ž Education has a key role to play in eradicating racism and valuing diversity and it a responsibility for all educational establishments, including those with few or no ethnic minority pupils. Promoting racial equality demands a whole school approach and commitment from all those who are involved in the life and work of their school. Racism is linked to the educational achievement of minority ethnic groups, however the connections are complex. Gilborn and Mirza conclude that ‘social class and gender differences are also associated with differences in attainment but neither can account for persistent underlying ethnic inequalities: comparing like with like, African Caribbean, Pakistani and Bangladeshi pupils do not enjoy equal opportunities. ’ They also argue that in promoting educational inclusion as a means of raising standards, there is a need ‘for clarity and guidance in translating the commitment to equality and inclusion into policy proposals and practice at the local and school level. Many cultural deprivation theorists see the lack of intellectual and linguistic skills as a major cause of under-achievement. Gordon Bowker identifies their lack of standard English as a major barrier to progress in education and integration into wider society. However the Swann Report found that language was not a major factor in under-achievement. Other cultural deprivation theorists suc as Charles Murray argue that a high rate of lone parenthood and a lack of positive male role models lead to the under-achievement of some minorities. Also Anthony Flew believes that ethnic differences in achievement stem from cultural differences outside the education system, not discrimination within it. However Geoffrey Driver criticises the cultural deprivation theory for ignoring the positive effects of ethnicity on achievement. He shows that the black Caribbean family, far from being dysfunctional, provides girls with positive role models of strong independent wome Driver argues this is why black girls tend to be more successful in education than black boys. Some socilogists that the ethnic differences in education are cause by racism. John Rex shows how racial discrimination leads to social exclusion and how this worsens the poverty faced by ethnic minorities. In housing, for instance, discrimination means that minorities are more likely to be forced into substandard acoomodation than white people of the same class. This creates separation due to the ethnic children not being able to study at home and therefore getting lower grades than the white children who are able to study at home.

Lego strategic analysis

Lego strategic analysis Introduction: This essay will consider firstly the position of Lego in relation to both the constraints of the internal and external environment in the lead up to 2004. The essay will then go on to consider the position of the Lego group from 2005 onwards paying particular attention to how the company has reacted to adapt its internal resources in order to meet the needs of the external environment. The Lego group up to 2004: In 2004 the Lego group was under the leadership of CEO Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen, the company faced a large number of problems including posting a loss for the year of DKK 1,800m despite a group turnover of DKK 6,295m. As a result Kristiansen stepped down from the chiromancy and deposited a further DKK 800,000 of personal funds into the company. Despite these headline figures the problems facing the Lego group in 2004 many be considered has having a longer history than the single year of such great losses and be routed in both problems in the internal and external environment. Five Forces Analysis Porter (2004) outlines five forces which have an impact upon a business coming from the external environment and include the following elements which will now be considered individually: Level of rivalry Power of buyers Power of suppliers Threat of substitutes Threat of entrants Level of rivalry The overall level of rivalry may be seen as relatively intense for the Lego group in the run up until the end of 2004. Whilst Lego occupies a strong position in the market for construction toys with relatively few rivals one must consider that Lego is now competing in boarder market of childrens entertainment which in the lead up to 2004 began in include large incumbents from the electronics sector such as Sega and Nintendo. Power of buys The power of the buyer in the case of Lego may be seen as relatively high with low switching costs between alternative toys and even substitute products such as video games and television. Power of suppliers The power of suppliers may be seen as average, Legos products on the whole may be seen as largely based upon standardised inputs such as plastics and chemicals. There is the consideration that were Lego chooses to move into non-traditional areas such as sets associated with films or games the power of suppliers will increase as a key input becomes that of licences which is a form of intellectual property. Threat of substitutes This may be seen as the largest threat to the Lego group in the run up to the end of 2004. Although it is difficult to define what market a company occupies (Grant 2008, Porter 2004) for the purpose of considering the impact of substitution one must consider Lego to be a provider of childrens entertainment. In this case the threat from substitutes are rather high given that consumers may substitute between alternative traditional toys such as action figures or toy cars through to electronic products such as video games and television. Threat of new entrants The threat of new entrants into both the smaller traditional toys market and the wider childrens entrainments market may be seen as relatively low in the run up until 2004 largely for similar reasons. In order to enter these markets there is the requirement for significantly high levels of investment in both the form of capital investments and research and development costs both of which act as barriers to entry and thus restrict the number of new entrants (Porter 2004). SWOT analysis A key tool in considering the overall strategic fit is that of a SWOT analysis, a SWOT analysis considers both a companys internal elements (Strengths and Weaknesses) and attempts to considers how these factors fit against the external elements of Opportunities and Threats (Lynch 2008). Strengths Legos key strengths may be seen as coming from both its brand recognition and its ability to use innovative technology without moving away from the companys core values. Whilst there are many other competitors in the toy or childrens entertainment market Lego remains the brand of choice in the field of construction toys despite the fall of other long term historical brand such as Meccano (VA 2010) and the rise of alternative substitute products such as video games (BBC News 2004). As the case study indicates despite the traditional nature of the Lego offering the company has a strong association with contemporary IT, design and manufacturing systems which help to make the product both more durable as well as helping to reduce manufacturing costs thus making the field of technology as key strength for the business. Weaknesses Legos key weakness in the run up to 2004 may be seen as two fold. Firstly the company has failed in a key area of the understanding of marketing in regard to understanding the needs of their customers which may be seen as the focal point of the marketing concept (Brassington and Pettitt 2007). This can be clearly seen in the role out of the Explorer range, in this case the company designed a product which failed to appeal to those who were not buying Lego products but subsequently didnt meet the needs of those who were buying the current Lego products. The second weakness of the Lego group in the run up to the changes at the end of 2004 may be seen as the lack of ability to translate key corporate strengths and innovations into implemented strategies. Such considerations are demonstrated by Legos initial development of such innovative actions such as programmable parts for its Technic range as far back as 1986 but a contradictory failure to react to further developments in manufactur ing processes such as CAM and CAD or product developments such as those associated with video games until much later. Opportunities and Threats The opportunities and threats to Lego in the run up until the end of 2004 may be seen as indivisibly linked representing a threat or opportunity based upon Legos reaction to the element hence they will be considered together. The largest threat to Lego may be seen as the changing nature of the market in the run up until 2004. Whilst Lego has remained the market leader in construction toys there must be the consideration that for a large part there has been a decline in the overall market for traditional toys has children have increasingly substituted to alternative forms of entrainments largely in the electronics sector. Despite the threat to Legos core product offering in this trend in the run up to 2004 there was also a significant opportunity for Lego to use such threats as opportunities to generate spine of sales in the form of Lego sets associated with games and films as well as the development of non-traditional Lego products presenting Lego with the opportunity to diversify (Johnson et al 2008). Previous to 2004 Lego had already made some diversifications into the areas of direct retails with its Lego stores and the opening of its Lego Land amusement parks, this however represented at the time a co nsiderable opportunity for further development. The Lego group 2005 and beyond: This section will now consider the position of Lego from 2005 onwards and as such will attempt to consider how Lego has adapted to the issues highlighted as facing the company in the run up to and including 2004. In the first instance one should consider that at the start of 2005 Lego started with a new CEO and by the end of the year posted a profit of DKK 214 a figure which has since risen in 2008 to DKK 1,352. Structure: In the first instance the structure of the Lego group may be seen as changing significantly since 2004. The first change for the companys structure may be seen as beginning with the appointment of a new CEO an action which may be seen as both a large pragmatic change for any organisation but also a significant one from a symbolic perspective (Mullins 2009). Such a change has allowed Lego to re-define its operations allowing the company to move into new diversified markets such as the use of the Lego brand in relation to computer games and the production of traditional sets which are related to television and cinematic spin offs. Other structural changes relate to the companies operations, operations in counties with relatively high labour costs such as Europe and the US have been outsourced to companies in Singapore and Mexico respectively. In addition the companys operations in the Czech Republic whilst remaining under the ownership of the Lego group have been put under the day to day management of the companies joint venture partner Flextronics. These structural changes which have taken place within Legos operational function have allowed the company to make significant savings in labour costs. Despite these advantages there must also be the consideration that there are some draw backs. In outsourcing production there is the consideration that Lego will lose some of the control it had over its operations previously (Slack 2009), this is a key consideration for Lego as the success of the company and its brand has previously relied on a high association with good quality, something which may be damaged if ou tsourcing is not managed correctly. HR: The companys HR policy may be seen as a true test of the organisations wider values against a back drop of changing economic conditions. On the one hand the companys policies may be seen as facilitation an organisation which values organisational learning and development through the medium of its staff. Such considerations can be seen in the specific deployment of such policies of continuous improvement which is a key contributor to the companys high standards for product quality. Despite this following such heavy losses in 2004 Lego made significant reductions of staff from 5,604 in 2004 to a low of 4,199 in 2007 a figure which has since recovered dramatically to 5,388 in 2008. As such the company may be seen as demonstrating that whilst its organisational values are key to its success reductions will be made to adapt to market conditions were necessary. Another contradiction that one may consider is that the company in the case study maintains that it will meet the legal requiremen ts as a minimum in relation to its operations. This raises two concerns in the first case there is the consideration that all companies should in theory meet these minimum standards in any case and so this doesnt really form a policy so much as a statement of the obvious. In the second instance Lego in recent years has outsourced a considerable amount of its operations to areas such as the Far East were HR standards are often much lower (Hutchings 2001). One may consider that in these cases if Lego only aims to meet minimum standards then the policies outlined in earlier paragraphs represent an attempt to present the company in a positive light to consumers rather than attempt to create a genuine learning organisation. Culture/Values: Despite the changes which have been made since 2004 one may consider that such changes have not been at the expense of the companys wider culture and corporate values. In the lead up until 2004 the Lego group may be seen as largely having a corporate cultured built around offering a high quality differentiated product (Jobber 2007) in which the experience of the child as an end user is the key consideration. Despite branching out into alternative products Lego has maintained its commitment to product quality and key concepts such as not promoting war related themes in its product portfolio. From a innovation perspective one may see that Lego previous to 2004 had the technical abilities associated with an innovative culture however in more recent years one may see that the company has been much more successful at moving such innovations from the ideas stage into the implemented strategy stage. IT/Innovation: One of Legos key strategies since the restructuring of the company at the end of 2004 has been the companys attitude towards IT and innovation. In adapting to the new business environment Lego may be seen as adopting two key strategies in relation to innovation and technology. Firstly the company has used new forms of technology for internal manufacturing processes. Such innovations include the use of computer modelling and computer aided design and have allowed the company to speed up the design process as well as well as maintain the companys values in relation to quality and manufacturing tolerances which contribute to the consumer experience. Secondly the company has used IT and innovation in diversifying its product ranges, such innovations have seen adaptations of Legos traditional lines to incorporate more electronic features through to the outright diversification into new product areas such as computer games based upon a Lego theme or using the Lego brand. Such diversifications may be seen as providing a key hedge against the risk which is inherent in operating with a lower level of diversification (De Witt and Meyer 2004). From a strategic perspective this also shows the recognition on the behalf of Lego executives of the need to compete in a wider market than merely that of traditional childrens toys. As such the element of innovation may be seen as one of the most important elements in the turnaround of the companys fortunes since the end of 2004. Conclusions: Having considered the research there are a number of conclusions that may be drawn. Firstly in considering Legos potion previous to 2005 one could argue that the company had a strong set of internal resources but had failed to respond to changing external considerations in the market. The result of such a lack of strategic fit ultimately put the company in a relatively weak financial position generating substantial losses in 2004. Following the appointment of a new chairman in 2005 the company has successfully turned its fortunes around seeing that the key strengths of the company in the form of brand, technological innovation and corporate values have been used to create a strategic fit which matches the challenges of the contemporary business environment. One may take the view that whilst Lego will face significant challenges in the future due to the continuing nature of changes in the market the company has not adapted its structure and processes so as to be able to deal with such challenges successfully in the future.

Things Fall Apart :: essays research papers

Things Fall Apart Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The book Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe definitely has a fitting title. It explains how two cultures with different ideas and beliefs can clash and be intolerant towards one another. Most of the theme is developed through the plot of the story and through a man and his struggle against fear and anger (the main character, Okonkwo). Throughout the book he tries to resolve the problems that develop all around him and within himself. As the story progresses, conflict overwhelms him and leads to his downfall and the downfall of the Ibo culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One part of the book that shows how the title is developed is when Okonkwo's character is introduced and explained to the reader. The author tells how he is shameful of his father and that he is belligerent and cold-hearted. Pointing out these flaws in Okonkwo's character seems to foreshadow his downfall. Since Okonkwo probably represents the 'intolerant culture';, that culture's downfall is also foreshadowed. Later more obvious instances occur. Okonkwo kills Ikemefuna, who is like a son to him. His decision of killing the boy is definitely unreasonable, and he only acts on what he was told was right. Just like the rest of the clan he follows these customs that seem immoral and unjust to other cultures. In another part of the story, Okonkwo is banished from his fatherland. This incident is the first where he is punished greatly for his actions. It marks a turning point in Okonkwo's downfall, and therefore the downfall of the traditional culture that he stands for. His hopes and aspirations are almost forgotten while he is away from Umuofia, and he desperately tries to regain his status when he returns. During this period of time, Okonkwo also discovers that his son has converted to his enemy's ways and beliefs. He abandons his son, and doesn't want to be his father any longer. This shows that his relationships with family and other people are beginning to 'fall apart';. The most obvious development of the theme and title takes place at the end of the book, when the final clash of cultures occurs.

How Scottish families have changed in the last 100 years :: essays research papers

Perhaps the area that has changed the most for Scottish women in the last century is the family and the home. In the first half of the century the norm was for the woman of the house to "service" the male breadwinners within the home and family and to reproduce as their primary roles in life. This included many tasks including preparing meals for the whole family, looking after the family budget (It was usual for the husband to give his wife his pay packet at the end of the week and she would use it to pay the bills and buy the food.) as well as cleaning the house and the doing the whole family's washing, which all together usually equated to (or more than) full time work. Women were put under heavy strain due to cultural expectations and norms. They were expected to be under their family's beck and call 24 hours a day and while husbands could escape household pressures such as screaming children, by going to the pub with their friends, women could never even dream of that kind of freedom. Although their family was seen as a woman's main priority in life, many HAD to go out and work, often in factories or working as maids or cleaners (24% of employed women worked in the domestic service). They earned far less than men and were also expected to run the family home single handily. Although the 1911 Census of Scotland reported that only 1/20 of married women worked, the results were mainly linked to the middle class, not the poorer families where the woman was forced to work as their husbands wage wasn't enough to support the family. This was not uncommon, especially as in 1911, women who married between the ages of 22 – 26, had an average of 6 children (with 20% having 9 or more). In the first half of the 20th century, Scottish families remained larger than those in England did. One of the theories behind this is that Scotland has a smaller middle class, (who on average, have less children per family) and a higher proportion of Roman Catholics, who do not believe in birth control. Scottish homes were often very small with many children, and it was also common to find many "live-in" relatives in the home too. Conditions were cramped; in 1911, 50% of the population lived in 2 houses of only 1 or 2 rooms (bearing in mind that the average family size was at least 8).

How the Elderly Is Affected by New Technology

Essay: HOW THE ELDERLY IS AFFECTED BY NEW TECHNOLOGY by V. Young Most of the elderly grandparents share frustration with new technology. They have grown up in a time when everything around them was produced, developed, or managed without the use of gadgets and gimmicks propelled by technology. Their generation was mostly hands-on while this generation is hands-off. Everyday tasks leads to frustration. When doing the laundry, there are buttons to press to get it done. The television is powered by direct tv/cable with 300-500 stations. The ceiling lights, sprinkler system, heating and air conditioner is a delicate system that requires skill to work it. Driving the car and making repairs is a tremendous task when all its working parts is generated by a complicated electronic system. The elderly sees technology as an unwelcome change just to make phone calls. They see these small, voice activated, cordless, hand held devices, with letters/numbers too small and general operations is a headache, even with the use of a magnifying glass. Most appliances are remote controlled by voice or touch. Even push a button and your coffee is made. Most elderly people lack the education in technology to be able to keep up with this rapid pace. What's worse is that they don't see how they fit into this technological world. When visiting doctors, attorneys, and other specialized personnel, the elderly may not be able to understand the terminology in these various fields. Visits are short, providing too much information to absorbed at once. Knowledge and use of computers could be an effective tool, if they had the skills necessary to use it. Society seems to ignore the elderly, forgetting that many have paved the way for this technological advancement. Elderly individuals are usually on a fixed income. Many live alone, often depending on trustworthy, skilled laborers to repair everyday household items. However, it can prove to be costly, stressful, with a sense of vulnerability, when hiring someone. This generation of young people may not understand the complex nature of technology placed on the elderly. Every senior citizen should be given an opportunity to learn the new way of life. The challenge of knowing technology gets greater, as new and innovative technology emerges each day.

Professionalism and ethics Essay

The episode presented in this case study give rise to Moral Sense Test directed to analyzing human moral judgments. The issue of saving a large woman to save 22 tourists behind her, driving a boat faster to save life of five people from drowning and at the same time letting one person to fall of and drown, failure to give a drug to a terminally ill person in knowledge that he may die without it and his organs may be used to safe some other three persons, and suffocating your baby with aim of averting an enemy from finding both of you and kill and other eight hiding with you presents a moral dilemma situation directed towards scrutinizing psychological mechanism basic to social moral judgment. Situation leading to moral dilemma has been capturing human attention towards how people judge certain affairs, deciding on justified and unjustified situations as well as social views on right and wrong action. Debate on moral decision has been has been a contentious issue with philosophers speculating how people have been making moral decision in the society. Scenarios presented by this paper give a situation which has for long been pondered by philosophers as well other professional on whether to sacrifice one for a greater good. Utilitarian ethical theory support option of sacrificing one to protect many. Many societies seems to value the utilitarian option but there is a considerable emotional element given that verdict involves harming a human being. Any of decision made on these scenarios results to a moral tug of war between whether to kill one person as in the case of killing huge woman to save 22 tourist, sacrificing one person to save five from drowning, sacrifice on ill person to save three and sacrificing a child to save you and others with sympathy of killing a human being. Moral theories Egoism as an ethical theory entails individual’s self is the motivation and the goal of individual’s own accomplishment. Egoism has two folds i. e. descriptive and normative. Descriptive also called positive variant, define egoism as explanation of human affairs meaning individuals are motivated by self interest and desires while normative ethics elaborates that people should be motivated. Ethical egoism an individual have no duty anyone but to him/herself. Meaning that, every person should strive satisfy his or her individual interests maximizing own welfare. According to egoism, each individual has a goal of his own†¦This diversity of goals may endanger conflict. This is not an objection to ethical egoism, however. When people have goals in conflict, each individual ought, according to egoism, to maintain his or her goal. Ethical egoism is a consistent ethical theory, in competition with other ethical theories,† (Tannsjo 2002 pp 42). From the above quote we can say that according to egoism theory you act wrongly when if you do not strive to maximize your interest. Maximizing of interest means that an individual can go to an extent of doing harm in order to protect his/her interests. The egoist is prepared to kill, not only in order to save many lives but in order to save his or her own life. Therefore, in the scenarios presented in our case study when considering egoism ethical theory means that when doing any act you should consider your interests. For example an egoist would consider saving digging a woman and making 22 tourists to perish and sacrificing woman life to save tourist will depend on different interests according to egoism theory. That is can sacrifice the whole group or to save large woman according to whom we have interest in and vice-versa. Being a subject of Moral Sense Test based on egoism moral theory I would drown person in the falling from the boat to save other five based on my interests. If I am more affiliated to the falling person, according to egoism I would let five to perish and save the one I have interest in. In case my interest is more to the five people I would work to save them making the falling person to die. In the case where am to suffocate my screaming my screaming baby to save myself and other eight hiding with me would be a better option considering egoism theory. This is due to individual interest of living taking more priority than that of the baby hence saving other eight people. Faced with scenario of sacrificing failing to give drug to a terminally ill patient knowing that he will die but his organs could be used to save other three patient considering egoism theory would mean to fall the self interest in this scenario. Saving three persons to the expense of sacrificing one terminally ill patient means that my interest for example if patient is my relative. On the other hand if I have more interest to a more terminally ill patient I would not fail to give drug making other three to die according to egoism theory of maximizing of interests. Conventional morality can be described as a morality of established local practice or a part of morality that directs people day to day life. â€Å"Conventional morality defines responsibilities, gives direction to action, helps to organize social life. It establishes expectations and thereby give guidance for personal development† (DeMarco 1994 pp. 24). This means that it is a fixed pattern of individual or a professional governing a particular role, giving boundaries of action, dependencies as well as patterns of authority. That is society or individuals have moral responsibility based on conventions and violations of conventions mean individual actions are immoral. In the three scenarios presented in case study in this context conventional morality theory would looking at different laid down standard in trying to save different dilemmas. Incase of saving a five from drowning to the expense of saving the one falling and vise versa would depend on morals raid down. If my society moral dictates that saving many would be the most moral, according to conventional morality I would strive to save the five and let the falling person to die even if it is my relative since these are set convention and must be followed. In case it is refusing to give terminally ill patient drug making his to die and use his organ to save the three will depend on convention set by the hospital and act according to them. Suffocating my baby so that I can save myself and other eight persons from attacks of an enemy would depend on set societal convention which may favor suffocating my baby or letting all to die all together. For example if conventions dictates that I should strive to save many, suffocating of my baby may be an option and this would be morally upright according to conventional theory of morality. Moral dilemmas have presented various arguments making some of philosophers to argue that â€Å"†¦doing the right is whatever produce the greatest balance over evil†¦This view has been called ‘utilitarianism’ or ‘consequentialism. ’ ‘Utilitarianism’ tends to be associated with the view that ‘good’ means a balance of pleasure over pain†¦or perhaps some more sophisticated ‘happiness’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hallquist, 2008 para. 5). According to Hallquist (2008), when applying utilitarianism theory of morality to moral dilemma where you have an option of killing one person to save many, an individual is requires to kill one and save many. This situation presents a greater evil or prevents a greater evil according to Utilitarianism theory of morality. There have been options when you can consider killing many and save one for example if killing the five would prevent a deadly riot would allow for saving one person instead. According to utilitarianism, killing someone harvest organ to save the five individuals would be a better evil. This means that the case presented in the case study in the context of this paper about refusing to give drug to terminally ill patient letting him to die and using his organ to heal other persons would be a better choice according to utilitarianism. Letting the falling person to die and save and saving five droning persons would be the better evil instead of saving one and letting five to die. Suffocating a my screaming baby according to utilitarianism theory of morality would be a better evil than letting myself and eight people accompanying me to die. Theory of duty ethics also called deontological morality theory view morality through probing the nature of actions and will of agents instead of results achieved i. e. looking at input instead of the outcomes. Incase of killing one person to save many for example a situation where the doctor would sacrifice life of one person and use his organ to save five, duty of ethics opposes this. â€Å"†¦the agent should not kill the one person because if he does that he will produce worse state of affairs, as seen from his position. That he should not kill is the result that deontologist endorse as well† (Kamm 1993 pp. 5). According to duty ethic correctness of an accomplishment is not simply reliant on exploiting the good, if that accomplishment goes in opposition to what is consider moral. This means that the scenarios where am require not to give drug and to let terminally ill person to die and save three from his organ would be immoral from duty ethics. This is because by refusing to give drug is immoral no matter the good it can contribute of saving three persons. Letting the falling from the boat to save the five persons from drowning is immoral according to duty of ethics. On the issue of suffocating my baby it may be immoral to do that because in the first place is illegal to do that hence letting the worst to strike. Virtue of ethics emphasizes that; morality should be guided by character rather than established rules or procedures. This theory is greatly dependent on wisdom to direct an individual to do what he/she feel is moral. Virtue of ethics encompasses trait like honesty and generosity in performance of a moral duty. In the case of moral dilemma of killing on person to save many will be judged from what the person in this situation feel is morally upright. Moral principles The above analysis of the moral theory do not give define solution and are inadequate when giving solution to various situations for example moral dilemma episodes. Seven moral principles give an alternative in trying to get solution on moral decision. Moral principles define the right and wrong accepted an individual or a society to a certain situation or are universal rules that guide an individuals or a society on what to do. That is, they are standard for good behavior in the society. Moral decision making process is the process in which an individual tries to implement a balance of the seven moral principles in a given situation. The seven moral principles are; Respect, Non-Malevolence, Benevolence, Integrity, Justice, Utility and Double Effect. The lists of moral principle incorporate many cultures to serve purpose of morality. According to the principles of morality a moral action should be guide by the application of the most appropriate principle(s). Principle of respect calls for treating everybody with respect together with application of dignity and importance of a person(s) not matter the diversity. Non-malevolence principle calls for avoiding harming people or even causing pain to them. Benevolence principle tries to promote well-being of others. That is it emphasize on responding in the needs of other. This should be consistent to promoting spiritual and cultural belief and values. Principle of integrity advocates for maintaining personal standards for example in the professional environment. In application to the episode of killing one to save many, moral principle provides with a range choice in coming with appropriate action. Conclusion Application of moral theory and moral principles should be directed by the intention of being morally upright in the social operation. There intention is to guide person and society at large to have a common way of handling their affairs for common good. Moral theories and principles are motivated greatly by the social need toward an upright society. Social life presents different circumstances in life and hence many moral theories and principle geared toward giving moral solution to different social circumstances.